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Note: For a newer long-form bootcamp version of this class, click here. But with the right instruction and a little perseverance, you can master it and create next-level images that will wow your audience.
His easy-going, straightforward style takes the mystery out of this powerful program and makes you feel like you can tackle anything. Ben divides this course into easy-to-manage, bite-size chunks, so you can master each skill one at a time and gradually build your confidence. Tips to automate repetitive actions to speed up your workflow using keyboard shortcuts.
Ben will instruct you in everything from retouching to compositing to masking to troubleshooting, all the while giving you helpful examples and visual aids to drive home each lesson.
Those who want to gain confidence in Adobe Photoshop and learn new features to help edit photos. Ben Willmore is exceptionally and intimately knowledgeable about Adobe Photoshop and Lightroom, including Bridge and Camera Raw, and how they work together.
He’s also a wonderful photographer. That’s great, but what’s even better for us is that he’s an incredible and generous teacher. He shares his knowledge and experience in an organized, thorough, thoughtful and relatable way. I envy his efficiency with words and ideas!
He isolates hard-to-understand concepts – things we’d be unlikely to figure out on our own – and explains them in simple terms and with on point and memorable examples. I completely enjoy Ben’s teaching methods and his personality. His admiration and appreciation of his wife, Karen, are telling of what a good guy he must be, and he’s got just an overall pleasant personality. I love his amusement when something “ridiculous” happens during an edit!
This bootcamp is fantastic and just what I need. It’s only one of Ben’s many CL classes that I’ve watched and learned from – they are all excellent. Thank you, Ben Willmore. And Karen! While I’ve had some “novice” experience with PS, this course is moving me along in a totally different way. Most tutorials just tell you what to do.
Understanding better can lead to using the practices in PS more fluently AND to greater freedom to be creative. I find Ben’s approach to be kind of a “come as you are” session. No matter where you are on the learning spectrum, there is something to review, something new, or a brand new challenge.
The relaxed manner of presentation is great, but doesn’t minimize the content of the class. I appreciate the additional explanations and theory. These help to make total sense of the tools and practices of good editing. I would really recommend that, if possible, you purchase the course. The practice images, the homework, and the evolving workbook are great review and reference points.
Personally, I have downloaded the classes by week so I can view, re-view, and stop, start, and repeat segments as often as I need to –which is often! Also, sometimes I like to view and work on one segment of the class at a time. Thanks, Ben! And thanks to your wife for her contribution as well. I’ve used PS for about five years in many of it’s various versions.
Learning on your won is a tough proposition, and I’ve struggled the whole time. Seeing work I admired and that inspired me to strive for great er things then not being ablr to figure out how to do them was a major frustration. The jargon was sometimes foreign, the complexity of the program overwhelming but I soldiered on and learned bits and pieces.
A friend recommended Ben’s course and I immediately came to CL to see what she was so thrilled about – I was amazed! Ben is down-to-earth, explains each step, gives shortcuts, defines terms, and shows how to accomplish what he’s teaching. After two weeks I bought the class.
I not only bought the Photoshop course but I added the Lightroom course as well. I’ll do that, on my own, when things slow down a bit, and I have no doubt that course will help me even more than the PS course. I’m totally at sea with LR. I like Ben’s teaching style, appreciate all the homework and extras included, and greatly appreciate the magnificent, easy to use, workbook by Ben’s wife.
I give my wholehearted endorsement for this course! Skip to main content. Buy Class. Sale Ends Soon! Save Class. Lessons Class Trailer. Show All Lessons. Class Description Note: For a newer long-form bootcamp version of this class, click here. Edges and Textures. Hand-drawn Frames. Hand-drawn Graphics. Layout Templates. Practice Images – Lesson Tips and Tricks. Practice Images – Lesson Actions and Automation. Practice Images – Lesson Advanced Layers.
Practice Images – Lesson Advanced Masking. Practice Images – Lesson Advanced Retouching. Practice Images – Lesson Blending Modes.
Practice Images – Lesson 2: Camera Raw. Practice Images – Lesson 8: Color Adjustments. Practice Images – Lesson 5: Layer Masks. Practice Images – Lesson 4: Layers.
Practice Images – Lesson 9: Retouching Essentials. Practice Images – Lesson 3: Selection Essentials. Practice Images – Lesson Shooting for Photoshop. Practice Images – Lesson Smart Objects.
Practice Images – Lesson 1: Starting from Zero. Practice Images – Lesson 7: Tonal Adjustments. Practice Images – Lesson 6: Tools and Panels. Practice Images – Lesson Troubleshooting and Advice. Practice Images – Lesson Filters.
Script Elements. Week 1 – Day 1 Homework. Week 1 – Day 2 Homework. Week 1 – Day 3 Homework. Week 1 – Day 4 Homework. Week 1 – Day 5 Homework. Week 1 – Photoshop CC Workbook. Bit Depth. Color Modes. Color Spaces. Logic of Keyboard Shortcuts. Pen Tool. Week 2 – Day 6 Homework. Week 2 – Day 7 Homework. Week 2 – Day 8 Homework. Week 2 – Day 9 Homework. Week 2 – Day 10 Homework.
Week 2 – Photoshop CC Workbook. Week 3 – Photoshop CC Workbook. Week 4 – Photoshop CC Workbook. Bens Actions Sampler ReadMe. Bens Actions Sampler. Bens Styles Sampler ReadMe.
55 free Photoshop actions | Creative Bloq
Retrieved December 17, Nik Software Inc. Topaz Labs, LLC. August 31, Auto FX Software. AV Bros. Archived from the original on October 15, Flaming Pear Software. Andromeda Software Inc. Archived from the original on December 3, Retrieved December 4, Adobe Systems Incorporated. Archived from the original PDF on November 13, Retrieved March 27, Postel PMID Retrieved February 14, Photoshop Elements The Missing Manual. ISBN Adobe Photoshop CS5 one-on-one.
Indianapolis, Indiana: Wiley Publishing, Inc. Adobe Photoshop Elements 5. Burlington, MA: Focal Press. Retrieved March 28, Ars Technica. Retrieved September 15, Archived from the original on March 15, Archived from the original on May 7, Press Release. Archived from the original on 13 November Retrieved 29 March News Releases. Retrieved 28 March Web Designer Depot. Adobe official site.
Archived from the original PDF on 19 June Retrieved 17 June Adobe Official site. Archived from the original PDF on 28 September Archived from the original on 13 April CNET News.
CBS Interactive. Adobe Systems. PC World. Archived from the original on 7 June Retrieved 17 December Archived from the original on March 26, Retrieved March 24, Retrieved May 29, John Nack on Adobe. Adobe Blogs. Press Releases. Tech Specs. Retrieved March 29, March 22, Archived from the original on March 22, Retrieved March 23, Retrieved January 19, Archived from the original on June 23, Retrieved January 21, Archived from the original on March 17, Archived from the original on May 19, Retrieved June 20, Retrieved October 24, Adobe Blog.
November 21, Retrieved June 19, Retrieved June 17, Retrieved March 2, Adobe Photoshop Elements tutorials”. Retrieved April 26, Retrieved September 3, August 1, Archived from the original on August 1, Adobe Photoshop at Wikipedia’s sister projects. Category Commons. Links to related articles. Raster graphics editors. Category Comparison. Adobe Creative Suite and Creative Cloud.
Adobe eLearning Suite. Bridge Device Central. Adobe Technical Communication Suite. Bridge Device Central 3D Reviewer. Hidden categories: Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Use mdy dates from September Wikipedia articles needing rewrite from July All articles needing rewrite All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February Articles to be expanded from September All articles to be expanded Pages using Sister project links with wikidata namespace mismatch Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata Articles with Curlie links.
Namespaces Article Talk. Views Read View source View history. Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file. Download as PDF Printable version. Wikimedia Commons Wikibooks Wikiversity. February 19, ; 32 years ago If you experience any issues, see Known issues in Photoshop.
System requirements for earlier releases. Photoshop system requirements earlier releases. To find out if your computer supports Metal, see Mac computers that support Metal. Internet connection, Adobe ID, and acceptance of license agreement required to activate and use this product.
This product may integrate with or allow access to certain Adobe or third-party hosted online services. Applications and Services may not be available in all countries or languages and may be subject to change or discontinuation without notice. Layer composition has improved greatly and now you can save lots of your valuable time as now you can change position, visibility, and display on one layer and then switch these modifications onto the other layers in your composition.
It has got enhanced motion blur filters and now you can apply blur effect to nearly every contour. You can also create circular and elliptical blur. And of course there are many editing options like cropping the unwanted portion, creating duplicates by using clone tool and can adjust different parameters like brightness, contrast, hue and saturation etc. Adobe Photoshop CC supports a wide variety of file formats.
You may also like to download Adobe Photoshop CS3. This is complete offline installer and standalone setup for Adobe Photoshop CC This would be compatible with both 32 bit and 64 bit windows. New features include:. Lightroom 6. On July 26, , Adobe launched Lightroom on Apple TV , a means of displaying photographs on a large screen using Apple’s network appliance and entertainment device.
Once the user stops paying the monthly fee, the program will be limited to viewing existing catalogs, without the ability to apply further changes to images. It can be installed on desktops, laptops, iPad and mobile. Lightroom CC has the ability to sync developed photos easily between a laptop, iPad and mobile devices, which is the major difference between both applications. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Photo editing and management software. Adobe Photoshop Lightroom CC 4. Lightroom 5.
Adobe Photoshop Lightroom Classic Lightroom Classic Retrieved The Lightroom Queen. Photoshop meets iTunes”.
Archived from the original on Lightroom Classic Adobe”. Peachpit Press. Archived from the original on 11 January Archived from the original on 29 September October 22,
Adobe photoshop cc 2015 filters free free
I appreciate the additional explanations and theory. These help to make total sense of the tools and practices of good editing. I would really recommend that, if possible, you purchase the course. The practice images, the homework, and the evolving workbook are great review and reference points.
Personally, I have downloaded the classes by week so I can view, re-view, and stop, start, and repeat segments as often as I need to –which is often! Also, sometimes I like to view and work on one segment of the class at a time. Thanks, Ben! And thanks to your wife for her contribution as well.
I’ve used PS for about five years in many of it’s various versions. Learning on your won is a tough proposition, and I’ve struggled the whole time.
Seeing work I admired and that inspired me to strive for great er things then not being ablr to figure out how to do them was a major frustration. The jargon was sometimes foreign, the complexity of the program overwhelming but I soldiered on and learned bits and pieces.
A friend recommended Ben’s course and I immediately came to CL to see what she was so thrilled about – I was amazed! Ben is down-to-earth, explains each step, gives shortcuts, defines terms, and shows how to accomplish what he’s teaching. After two weeks I bought the class. I not only bought the Photoshop course but I added the Lightroom course as well. I’ll do that, on my own, when things slow down a bit, and I have no doubt that course will help me even more than the PS course.
I’m totally at sea with LR. I like Ben’s teaching style, appreciate all the homework and extras included, and greatly appreciate the magnificent, easy to use, workbook by Ben’s wife. I give my wholehearted endorsement for this course!
Skip to main content. Buy Class. Sale Ends Soon! Save Class. Lessons Class Trailer. Show All Lessons. Class Description Note: For a newer long-form bootcamp version of this class, click here.
Edges and Textures. Control bump map depth. Simplify meshes in preparation for printing. Simplify meshes. The command algorithmically reduces the number of triangles to the number you specify while attempting to maintain the fidelity of the model. This enhancement is useful for reducing the complexity of a file in preparation for 3D printing.
Improved export UI. Export a single mesh. A 3D scene typically comprises many elements or meshes. You can now right-click a mesh in the overall scene and export it individually.
Right-click the mesh in the 3D panel and choose Export Mesh from the context menu. This functionality currently exports meshes only in Collada or KMZ formats. Generate better bump maps and normal maps. Create bump maps or normal maps from diffuse textures. You can now create bump maps or normal maps from diffuse textures. The texture attached to the diffuse texture is automatically loaded as filters for the purpose of creating bump maps or normal maps.
Once you’re satisfied with the way your map is looking, Photoshop applies the generated bump map or normal map to those textures. Convert a vertex color to a texture color. You can convert a vertex color to a texture color. Do the following:. Also, plug-ins built using the toolkit now look more consistent with the overall Photoshop UI. For more information, see Photoshop UI toolkit for plug-ins and scripts. Legal Notices Online Privacy Policy. Buy now.
Feature summary Photoshop CC Photoshop CC Face-Aware Liquify. Select and Mask workspace. Match Font. Keep the following best practices in mind while selecting text for Match Font : Draw the selection box, such that it includes a single line of text. Closely crop the selection box to the left and right edges of the text. Select a single typeface and style.
Don’t mix typefaces and styles in a selection. Content-Aware Crop. In the settings menu that appears, deselect Use Classic Mode. In action: Content-Aware Crop. Improvements to Adobe Stock integration. Embed color profiles into exported assets. On-canvas glyph alternatives. More improvements to artboards.
Faster everyday tasks. Enhancements to Creative Cloud Libraries. Adobe Portfolio. Other enhancements. For easier navigation, variants of a font—such as Bold and Italics—are now grouped under the same item in font lists.
You can expand the item and select the desired variant. While navigating the fonts, you can even expand more than one item in the list. Fonts are now grouped by font family. The Show Similar Fonts option now also displays fonts from Typekit. Improved performance while exporting artboards to PDF; ability to include artboard names and artboard backgrounds 3D imaging: Improvements to UV repacking algorithms The document layer count is now displayed in the status box and the Info palette.
Info panel option to always show composite all layers values Reduced chances of metadata loss due to external metadata editing Improved compatibility with some third-party Mac OS tools for resizing the application frame The Oil Paint filter now works on lower-end graphics cards GPUs Support for graphics card GPU -accelerated features over remote desktop connections The Spot Channel dialog now includes names of colors selected from the Swatches palette.
Overall improvements to all content-aware features: Better preservation of image details Reduced blurs and smudges Improved color adaptation handling for Content-Aware Fill Up to 3X speed improvements for large images 3D printing enhancements: You can now print 3D models as 3D Manufacturing Format 3MF files.
Support for new Stratasys online and local printer profiles Ability to read Product Representation Compact PRC format data embedded in PDF files Updated OpenEXR file format support includes newer variants of the format Small color swatch size available again in the Swatches palette Divide Slices command limits increased; performance improved Improved brush performance General Text layer optimizations Improved detection of problematic graphics card drivers and crash prevention Name or color value is now displayed in the tooltip for recently-used colors in the Swatches palette.
Ability to add keyboard shortcuts to toggle the brush pressure controls size and opacity Ability to add keyboard shortcuts to toggle Airbrush mode. What’s changed. For better user experience, the following gestures are now performed using three fingers instead of two fingers:. Also, the color adaptation feature has been optimized for better results in this release.
See Features unsupported on bit platforms. The Photoshop-Behance integration has been removed in this version. Known issues. On Mac OS X, printing documents on inkjet printers results in unexpected color output. See this knowledge-base article.
Audio issues while playing clips encoded with Dolby Audio. Artboard improvements. Artboards are much easier to work with in this release of Photoshop CC. Use guides and grids to precisely place elements within an artboard. With an artboard selected, drag guides from the ruler to the canvas. These guides now move with the artboard. When you duplicate the artboard, the associated guides are duplicated as well.
Filter layers in the Layers panel by artboard. Align selected layers within an artboard. Quickly dissolve an artboard into its constituent elements. Lock the position of an artboard on the canvas. Prevent auto-nesting into or out of an artboard. Specify your preferred artboard matte color and border type. Improvements to Creative Cloud Libraries integration.
Design Space Preview enhancements. Enhancements to Design Space Preview in this release further streamline and optimize design workflows with the following enhancements: A unified sampling experience Efficient masking Robust app and cross-document search Integrated layer and batch export.
Oil paint filter. Each folder, which can be bookmarked, has a cache file for speeding up rendering time of images when viewing a thumbnail. The cache can be in one central location or in individual folders. Coupled with Adobe Photoshop, Bridge can execute Photoshop’s compatible automation plug-ins, scripts and Adobe Camera Raw filters on a group of images.
A plugin for Photoshop called Mini Bridge adds a small file browser to Photoshop, although Mini Bridge can be used only if Adobe Bridge is running in the background. Adobe Bridge is customizable using JavaScript. Adobe Bridge initially allowed for access to Adobe Stock Photos , an online collection of stock photography images drawn from well-known stock photo houses.
The table below contains the supported file formats that can be opened or accessed in Adobe Bridge. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. CC Photoshop and derivatives such as Photoshopped or just Shopped have become verbs that are sometimes used to refer to images edited by Photoshop, [47] or any image manipulation program.
The same happens not only in English but as the Portuguese Wikipedia entry for image manipulation attests, even in that language, with the trademark being followed by the Portuguese verb termination -ar, yielding the word “photoshopar” to photoshop. Such derivatives are discouraged by Adobe [6] because, in order to maintain validity and protect the trademark from becoming generic , trademarks must be used as proper nouns.
Photoshop’s naming scheme was initially based on version numbers, from version 0. Adobe published 7 major and many minor versions before the October introduction of version 8.
In February Adobe donated the source code of the 1. The first Photoshop CS was commercially released in October as the eighth major version of Photoshop. Photoshop CS increased user control with a reworked file browser augmenting search versatility, sorting and sharing capabilities and the Histogram Palette which monitors changes in the image as they are made to the document.
Match Color was also introduced in CS, which reads color data to achieve a uniform expression throughout a series of pictures. Photoshop CS2, released in May , expanded on its predecessor with a new set of tools and features. It included an upgraded Spot Healing Brush, which is mainly used for handling common photographic problems such as blemishes, red-eye, noise, blurring and lens distortion. One of the most significant inclusions in CS2 was the implementation of Smart Objects, which allows users to scale and transform images and vector illustrations without losing image quality, as well as create linked duplicates of embedded graphics so that a single edit updates across multiple iterations.
Adobe responded to feedback from the professional media industry by implementing non-destructive editing as well as the producing and modifying of Bit High Dynamic Range HDR images, which are optimal for 3D rendering and advanced compositing.
FireWire Previews could also be viewed on a monitor via a direct export feature. Image Warping makes it easy to digitally distort an image into a shape by choosing on-demand presets or by dragging control points. The File Browser was upgraded to Adobe Bridge, which functioned as a hub for productivity, imagery and creativity, providing multi-view file browsing and smooth cross-product integration across Adobe Creative Suite 2 software.
Camera Raw version 3. Photoshop CS2 brought a streamlined interface, making it easier to access features for specific instances. In CS2 users were also given the ability to create their own custom presets, which was meant to save time and increase productivity.
CS3 improves on features from previous versions of Photoshop and introduces new tools. One of the most significant is the streamlined interface which allows increased performance, speed, and efficiency. There is also improved support for Camera RAW files which allow users to process images with higher speed and conversion quality.
The Black and White adjustment option improves control over manual grayscale conversions with a dialog box similar to that of Channel Mixer. There is more control over print options and better management with Adobe Bridge. The Clone Source palette is introduced, adding more options to the clone stamp tool.
Other features include the nondestructive Smart Filters, optimizing graphics for mobile devices, [53] Fill Light and Dust Busting tools. CS3 Extended includes everything in CS3 and additional features. There are tools for 3D graphic file formats, video enhancement and animation, and comprehensive image measurement and analysis tools with DICOM file support.
As for video editing, CS3 supports layers and video formatting so users can edit video files per frame. They were also made available through Adobe’s online store and Adobe Authorized Resellers.
CS4 features smoother panning and zooming, allowing faster image editing at a high magnification. The interface is more simplified with its tab-based interface [56] making it cleaner to work with. Photoshop CS4 features a new 3D engine allowing the conversion of gradient maps to 3D objects, adding depth to layers and text, and getting print-quality output with the new ray-tracing rendering engine. It supports common 3D formats; the new Adjustment and Mask panels; content-aware scaling seam carving ; [57] fluid canvas rotation and File display options.
Adobe released Photoshop CS4 Extended, which has the features of Adobe Photoshop CS4, plus capabilities for scientific imaging, 3D, motion graphics, accurate image analysis and high-end film and video users. The faster 3D engine allows users to paint directly on 3D models, wrap 2D images around 3D shapes and animate 3D objects.
Photoshop CS5 was launched on April 12, In May , Adobe Creative Suite 5. Its version of Photoshop, The community also had a hand in the additions made to CS5 as 30 new features and improvements were included by request. These include automatic image straightening, the Rule-of-Thirds cropping tool, color pickup, and saving a bit image as a JPEG.
Another feature includes the Adobe Mini Bridge, which allows for efficient file browsing and management. A new materials library was added, providing more options such as Chrome, Glass, and Cork. The new Shadow Catcher tool can be used to further enhance 3D objects. For motion graphics, the tools can be applied to over more than one frame in a video sequence. Photoshop CS6, released in May , added new creative design tools and provided a redesigned interface [65] with a focus on enhanced performance.
Adobe Photoshop CS6 brought a suite of tools for video editing. Color and exposure adjustments, as well as layers, are among a few things that are featured in this new editor. Upon completion of editing, the user is presented with a handful of options of exporting into a few popular formats.
CS6 brings the “straighten” tool to Photoshop, where a user simply draws a line anywhere on an image, and the canvas will reorient itself so that the line drawn becomes horizontal, and adjusts the media accordingly. This was created with the intention that users will draw a line parallel to a plane in the image, and reorient the image to that plane to more easily achieve certain perspectives.
CS6 allows background saving, which means that while another document is compiling and archiving itself, it is possible to simultaneously edit an image. CS6 also features a customizable auto-save feature, preventing any work from being lost. With version Adobe also announced that CS6 will be the last suite sold with perpetual licenses in favor of the new Creative Cloud subscriptions, though they will continue to provide OS compatibility support as well as bug fixes and security updates as necessary.
Starting January 9, , CS6 is no longer available for purchase, making a Creative Cloud license the only purchase option going forward. Photoshop CC As the next major version after CS6, it is only available as part of a Creative Cloud subscription. Major features in this version include new Smart Sharpen, Intelligent Upsampling, and Camera Shake Reduction for reducing blur caused by camera shake.
Since the initial launch, Adobe has released two additional feature-bearing updates. The first, version The major features in this version were Adobe Generator, a Node.
Photoshop Version CC features improvements to content-aware tools, two new blur tools spin blur and path blur and a new focus mask feature that enables the user to select parts of an image based on whether they are in focus or not. Other minor improvements have been made, including speed increases for certain tasks.
Photoshop CC was released on June 15, Adobe added various creative features including Adobe Stock, which is a library of custom stock images.
It also includes and have the ability to have more than one layer style. The updated UI as of November 30, , delivers a cleaner and more consistent look throughout Photoshop, and the user can quickly perform common tasks using a new set of gestures on touch-enabled devices like Microsoft Surface Pro. Photoshop CC was released on November 2, It introduced a new template selector when creating new documents, the ability to search for tools, panels and help articles for Photoshop, support for SVG OpenType fonts and other small improvements.
Photoshop CC version 19 was released on October 18, It featured an overhaul to the brush organization system, allowing for more properties such as color and opacity to be saved per-brush and for brushes to be categorized in folders and sub-folders.
It also added brush stroke smoothing, and over brushes created by Kyle T. Webster following Adobe’s acquisition of his website, KyleBrush. Other additions were Lightroom Photo access, Variable font support, select subject, copy-paste layers, enhanced tooltips, panorama and HEIF support, PNG compression, increased maximum zoom level, symmetry mode, algorithm improvements to Face-aware and selection tools, color and luminance range masking, improved image resizing, and performance improvements to file opening, filters, and brush strokes.
Photoshop CC was released on October 15, Beginning with Photoshop CC version This version Introduced a new tool called Frame Tool to create placeholder frames for images. It also added multiple undo mode, auto-commitment, and prevented accidental panel moves with lock work-space. Live blend mode previews are added, allowing for faster scrolling over different blend mode options in the layers panel.
Other additions were Color Wheel, Transform proportionally without Shift key, Distribute spacing like in Illustrator, ability to see longer layer names, match font with Japanese fonts, flip document view, scale UI to font, reference point hidden by default, new compositing engine, which provides a more modern compositing architecture is added which is easier to optimize on all platforms.
Photoshop was released on November 4, It added several improvements to the new content-aware fill and to the new document tab. Also added were animated GIF support, improved lens blur performance and one-click zoom to a layer’s contents. It introduced new swatches, gradients, patterns, shapes and stylistic sets for OpenType fonts. Presets are now more intuitive to use and easier to organize.
With the February update version This version improved GPU based lens blur quality and provided performance improvements, such as accelerating workflows with smoother panning, zooming and navigation of documents.
Version 21 was the first version where the iPad version was released.
